os ：
与操作系统交互的模块
1 os.getcwd() 获取当前工作目录，即当前python脚本工作的目录路径 2 os.chdir("dirname") 改变当前脚本工作目录；相当于shell下cd 3 os.curdir 返回当前目录: ('.') 4 os.pardir 获取当前目录的父目录字符串名：('..') 5 os.makedirs('dirname1/dirname2') 可生成多层递归目录 6 os.removedirs('dirname1') 若目录为空，则删除，并递归到上一级目录，如若也为空，则删除，依此类推 7 os.mkdir('dirname') 生成单级目录；相当于shell中mkdir dirname 8 os.rmdir('dirname') 删除单级空目录，若目录不为空则无法删除，报错；相当于shell中rmdir dirname 9 os.listdir('dirname') 列出指定目录下的所有文件和子目录，包括隐藏文件，并以列表方式打印10 os.remove() 删除一个文件11 os.rename("oldname","newname") 重命名文件/目录12 os.stat('path/filename') 获取文件/目录信息13 os.sep 输出操作系统特定的路径分隔符，win下为"\\",Linux下为"/"14 os.linesep 输出当前平台使用的行终止符，win下为"\r\n",Linux下为"\n"15 os.pathsep 输出用于分割文件路径的字符串，win下为";", Linux下为":"16 os.name 输出字符串指示当前使用平台。win->'nt'; Linux->'posix'17 os.system("bash command") 运行shell命令，直接显示18 os.environ 获取系统环境变量19 os.path.abspath(path) 返回path规范化的绝对路径20 os.path.split(path) # return tuple(head, tail) where tail is everything after the final slash, 即使为空21 os.path.dirname(path) 返回path的目录。其实就是os.path.split(path)的第一个元素22 os.path.basename(path) 返回path最后的文件名。如何path以／或\结尾，那么就会返回空值。即os.path.split(path)的第二个元素23 os.path.exists(path) 如果path存在，返回True；如果path不存在，返回False24 os.path.isabs(path) 如果path是绝对路径，返回True25 os.path.isfile(path) 如果path是一个存在的文件，返回True。否则返回False26 os.path.isdir(path) 如果path是一个存在的目录，则返回True。否则返回False27 os.path.join(path1[, path2[, ...]]) 将多个路径组合后返回，第一个绝对路径之前的参数将被忽略28 os.path.getatime(path) 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后存取时间29 os.path.getmtime(path) 返回path所指向的文件或者目录的最后修改时间 还有：
1 l = os.path.split(r'D:\Users\yangxl\PycharmProjects\yangxl\yangxl.py')2 print(l) # ('D:\\Users\\yangxl\\PycharmProjects\\yangxl', 'yangxl.py')3 4 l = os.path.splitext(r'D:\Users\yangxl\PycharmProjects\yangxl\yangxl.py')5 print(l) # ('D:\\Users\\yangxl\\PycharmProjects\\yangxl\\yangxl', '.py')6 7 for dirpaths, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(r'D:\Users\yangxl\PycharmProjects\yangxl\datasets'):8 pass 示例，处理文件
1 now = time.time() # 每次服务器重启时就会执行这段代码 2 for abs_path, dirs, files in os.walk(path): 3 for file_name in files: 4 file_path = os.path.join(abs_path, file_name) 5 try: 6 st = os.stat(file_path) 7 # 删除超过10天的文件 8 if now - st.st_mtime > 3600 * 24 * 10: 9 os.remove(file_path)10 except Exception, e:11 print e
sys：
与python解释器交互的模块
1 sys.argv 命令行参数List，第一个元素是程序本身路径 2 sys.exit(n) 退出程序，正常退出时exit(0) 3 sys.version 获取Python解释器的版本信息 4 sys.maxint 最大的Int值 5 sys.path 返回模块的搜索路径，是个列表，初始化时使用PYTHONPATH环境变量的值 6 sys.platform 返回操作系统平台名称，可以用于跨平台开发 7 sys.stdout.write('please:') 8 val = sys.stdin.readline()[:-1] 9 10 示例：11 if sys.platform == 'win32':12 os.system('dir')13 else:14 os.system('ls')
示例：日志打印
1 # city.py 2 3 import sys, os 4 5 def print_log(): 6 f = sys._getframe(1) # depth 7 rv = (os.path.normcase(f.f_code.co_filename), f.f_code.co_name, f.f_lineno) # 文件、调用者、调用者在文件中的行数 8 print(rv) 9 10 11 # gogo.py12 13 from province.city import print_log14 15 def gogo():16 print_log()17 18 gogo()19 # ('/home/yangxl/PycharmProjects/meng/province/city.py', 'print_log', 5)20 # ('/home/yangxl/PycharmProjects/meng/gogo.py', 'gogo', 4) 添加环境变量，
1 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.split(os.path.split(os.path.split(os.path.abspath(__file__))[0])[0])[0]) # 把根目录添加到环境变量
logging：
日志级别等级：CRITICAL > ERROR > WARNING > INFO > DEBUG > NOTSET。
日志配置方法：
1 import logging 2 logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG, 3 format='%(asctime)s %(filename)s[line:%(lineno)d] %(levelname)s %(message)s', 4 datefmt='%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S', 5 filename='test.log', # 不配置的话，默认输出到屏幕，二选一 6 filemode='a') 7 8 logging.debug('debug message') 9 logging.info('info message') 10 logging.warning('warning message') 11 logging.error('error message') 12 logging.critical('critical message') format的格式：
format参数中可能用到的格式化串：%(name)s Logger的名字%(levelno)s 数字形式的日志级别%(levelname)s 文本形式的日志级别%(pathname)s 调用日志输出函数的模块的完整路径名，可能没有%(filename)s 调用日志输出函数的模块的文件名%(module)s 调用日志输出函数的模块名%(funcName)s 调用日志输出函数的函数名%(lineno)d 调用日志输出函数的语句所在的代码行%(created)f 当前时间，用UNIX标准的表示时间的浮 点数表示%(relativeCreated)d 输出日志信息时的，自Logger创建以 来的毫秒数%(asctime)s 字符串形式的当前时间。默认格式是 “2003-07-08 16:49:45,896”。逗号后面的是毫秒%(thread)d 线程ID。可能没有%(threadName)s 线程名。可能没有%(process)d 进程ID。可能没有%(message)s用户输出的消息
使用logger对象配置日志：
1 import logging 2 3 logger = logging.getLogger() 4 # 创建一个handler，用于写入日志文件 5 fh = logging.FileHandler('test.log') 6 7 # 再创建一个handler，用于输出到控制台 8 ch = logging.StreamHandler() 9 10 formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')11 12 fh.setFormatter(formatter)13 ch.setFormatter(formatter)14 15 logger.addHandler(fh) # logger对象可以添加多个fh和ch对象16 logger.addHandler(ch)17 18 logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) # 设置日志水平，(在打印日志之前)19 20 logger.debug('logger debug message')21 logger.info('logger info message')22 logger.warning('logger warning message')23 logger.error('logger error message')24 logger.critical('logger critical message') configparser：
生成配置文件：
1 import configparser 2 3 config = configparser.ConfigParser() 4 5 config["DEFAULT"] = { 'ServerAliveInterval': '45', 6 'Compression': 'yes', 7 'CompressionLevel': '9'} 8 9 config['bitbucket.org'] = { 'User': 'hg'}10 config['topsecret.server.com'] = { 'Host Port': '50022', 'ForwardX11': 'no'}11 config['DEFAULT']['ForwardX11'] = 'yes'12 13 with open('example.ini', 'w') as configfile:14 config.write(configfile) 对配置项进行基本操作：
1 import configparser 2 3 config = configparser.ConfigParser() 4 5 # --------查 6 config.read('example.ini') 7 8 # 没列出'DEFAULT'，它的数据会列在其他的键值对中，当作默认配置 9 print(config.sections()) # ['bitbucket.org', 'topsecret.server.com']10 11 print('bytebong.com' in config) # False12 13 print(config['bitbucket.org']['User']) # hg14 print(config['DEFAULT']['Compression']) # yes15 16 print(config['topsecret.server.com']['ForwardX11']) # no17 18 19 for key in config['bitbucket.org']:20 print(key)21 22 print(config.options('bitbucket.org')) # ['user', 'serveraliveinterval', 'compression', 'compressionlevel', 'forwardx11']23 print(config.items('bitbucket.org')) # [('serveraliveinterval', '45'), ('compression', 'yes'), ('compressionlevel', '9'), ('forwardx11', 'yes'), ('user', 'hg')]24 25 # 读了默认配置26 print(config.get('bitbucket.org', 'compression')) # yes27 28 29 # -------删,改,增(config.write(open('i.cfg', "w")))30 config.add_section('yangxl')31 32 config.remove_section('topsecret.server.com')33 config.remove_option('bitbucket.org', 'user')34 35 config.set('bitbucket.org', 'k1', '11111')36 37 config.write(open('example.ini', "w")) # 覆盖原文件
time：
1 import time 2 import datetime 3 4 # 时间戳到字符串, local_time --> strftime 5 timestamp = time.time() 6 struct_time = time.localtime(timestamp) 7 strftime = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', struct_time) # 2019-04-26 11:53:50 8 # print(strftime) 9 10 # 字符串到时间戳, strptime --> mktime11 struct_time = time.strptime('2019-04-26 11:53:50', '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')12 timestamp = time.mktime(struct_time) # 1556250830.013 # print(timestamp)14 15 # 时间戳到datetime16 dt = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(1556250830.0) # 2019-04-26 11:53:5017 18 # datetime到时间戳, timetuple --> mktime19 struct_time = dt.timetuple()20 timestamp = time.mktime(struct_time) # 1556250830.021 # print(timestamp)22 23 # datetime到date24 dte = dt.date() # 2019-04-2625 # print(type(dte))26 27 # 给定数字生成datetime28 dt = datetime.datetime(2019, 4, 26, 12, 23, 34) # 2019-04-26 12:23:3429 30 # 添加timedelta31 timedelta = datetime.timedelta(3, hours=3, seconds=60) # 3 days, 3:01:0032 dt = dt + timedelta # 2019-04-29 15:24:3433 # print(dt.year, dt.month, dt.day, dt.hour, dt.minute, dt.second) # 2019 4 29 15 24 3434 35 # 获取当天0点的时间戳36 SECONDS_ONE_DAY = 3600*2437 timestamp_day = timestamp // SECONDS_ONE_DAY * SECONDS_ONE_DAY # 1556236800.038 # print(timestamp_day)39 40 # 计算两个时间戳相差的天数，天数不是按照24小时计算41 # 分两步：计算当天0点时间戳，42 # 0点时间戳到datetime43 time_1 = 1556250830.044 time_2 = 1556451820.045 days = (datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(time_2 // SECONDS_ONE_DAY * SECONDS_ONE_DAY) - datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(time_1 // SECONDS_ONE_DAY * SECONDS_ONE_DAY)).days46 # print(days) print time.strftime('%Y%m%d') # 20190426 time.monotonic() # 这个貌似是从开机到当前的时间戳啊
types：
dir()：
1 # coding:utf8 2 3 import sys 4 import types 5 6 print type(sys) == types.ModuleType # 模块类型 7 8 print dir(sys) 9 print dir('yangxl')10 11 # 示例：摘自tornado.Application12 def _load_ui_modules(self, modules):13 if isinstance(modules, types.ModuleType):14 self._load_ui_modules(dict((n, getattr(modules, n))15 for n in dir(modules)))16 elif isinstance(modules, list):17 for m in modules:18 self._load_ui_modules(m)19 else:20 assert isinstance(modules, dict)21 for name, cls in modules.items():22 try:23 if issubclass(cls, UIModule):24 self.ui_modules[name] = cls25 except TypeError:26 pass
inspect：
1 def ismodule(object): 2 """Return true if the object is a module.""" 3 return isinstance(object, types.ModuleType) 4 5 def isclass(object): 6 """Return true if the object is a class.""" 7 return isinstance(object, type) 8 9 def ismethod(object):10 """Return true if the object is an instance method."""11 return isinstance(object, types.MethodType)
itertools：
1 import itertools2 3 s = itertools.count() # 这可不是计数器，有参数的哦4 print s.next()5 print s.next()6 print s.next()
hashlib：
1、
1 >>> import hashlib2 >>> m = hashlib.md5()3 >>> m.update(b"Nobody inspects") # bytes类型4 >>> m.update(b" the spammish repetition")5 >>> m.digest()6 b'\\xbbd\\x9c\\x83\\xdd\\x1e\\xa5\\xc9\\xd9\\xde\\xc9\\xa1\\x8d\\xf0\\xff\\xe9'
2、
1 hasher = hashlib.sha1()2 for part in self._write_buffer:3 hasher.update(part)4 return '"%s"' % hasher.hexdigest()
socket：
1 buf = bytearray(self.read_chunk_size)2 self.socket.recv_into(buf) # A version of recv() that stores its data into a buffer rather than creating a new string.
1 socket.gethostname() # 'yangxl-Lenovo-ideapad-330C-15IKB'
re：
1 re.compile('([\x00-\x7f]+)') # 十六进制, 匹配ASCII表前128个 1 >>> s = '%E7%BE%8A%E5%B0%8F%E7%BE%9A'2 >>> s3 '%E7%BE%8A%E5%B0%8F%E7%BE%9A'4 >>> import re5 >>> _asciire = re.compile('([\x00-\x7f]+)')6 >>> _asciire.split(s)7 ['', '%E7%BE%8A%E5%B0%8F%E7%BE%9A', ''] 带br的，
1 re.findall(br'\*|(?:W/)?"[^"]*"', "aaf4c61ddcc5e8a2dabede0f3b482cd9aea9434d")
urllib：
1 from urllib import request, parse 2 3 # s = request.urlopen('http://127.0.0.1:9999/login/?name=羊小羚A&age=26') 4 # print(s.read()) 5 6 d = parse.urlencode([ 7 ('name', '羊小羚'), 8 ('age', '26'), 9 ])10 data = request.urlopen('http://127.0.0.1:9999/login/', d.encode('utf8'))11 print(data.read())
collections：
1 >>> from collections import Mapping2 >>> dis = { 'name': 'yangxl', 'age': 26}3 >>> isinstance(dis, Mapping) # 无法理解4 True collections.queue，
1 self.queue = collections.deque()2 self.queue.append(key)3 self.queue.popleft()4 。。。很多方法呢。。。
collections.namedtuple，
1 SelectorKey = namedtuple('SelectorKey', ['fileobj', 'fd', 'events', 'data']) # 定义2 key = SelectorKey(1， 2， 3， 4) # 赋值3 print(key.fd) # 取值4 不能修改 collections.defaultdict，
1 from collections import defaultdict2 CLIENT_EXCEPTION_CACHES = defaultdict(int)3 had_num = CLIENT_EXCEPTION_CACHES[content_md5] + 1 # 默认是0，然后加14 CLIENT_EXCEPTION_CACHES[content_md5] += 15 # 就是个字典
heapq：
1 heapq.heappush(self._scheduled, timer)
asyncio.base_events.py中的函数call_at(scheduler.start)
resource：
查看系统资源消耗，
1 import resource2 resource.getrusage(resource.RUSAGE_SELF)[2]
traceback：
1 import traceback2 tb = traceback.format_exc() # tb = 'NoneType\n'
pickle、cPickle：
1 >>> import pickle 2 >>> d = { 'name': 'yangxl', 'age': 18} 3 >>> d 4 { 'age': 18, 'name': 'yangxl'} 5 >>> s = pickle.dumps(d) 6 >>> s 7 b'\x80\x03}q\x00(X\x03\x00\x00\x00ageq\x01K\x12X\x04\x00\x00\x00nameq\x02X\x06\x00\x00\x00yangxlq\x03u.' 8 >>> type(s) 9 10 11 12 >>> import cPickle as pickle # 只有py2才有13 >>> d = { 'name': 'yangxl', 'age': 18}14 >>> s = pickle.dumps(d)15 >>> s16 "(dp1\nS'age'\np2\nI18\nsS'name'\np3\nS'yangxl'\np4\ns."17 >>> type(s)18
zlib：
1 # py2 2 3 >>> d 4 { 'age': 18, 'name': 'yangxl'} 5 >>> zlib.compress(d) 6 Traceback (most recent call last): 7 File " ", line 1, in 8 TypeError: compress() argument 1 must be string or read-only buffer, not dict 9 >>> 10 >>> zlib.compress('d')11 'x\x9cK\x01\x00\x00e\x00e'12 >>> zlib.compress(b'd')13 'x\x9cK\x01\x00\x00e\x00e'14 15 16 # py317 18 >>> d19 { 'age': 18, 'name': 'yangxl'}20 >>> zlib.compress(d)21 Traceback (most recent call last):22 File " ", line 1, in 23 TypeError: a bytes-like object is required, not 'dict'24 >>>25 >>> zlib.compress('d')26 Traceback (most recent call last):27 File " ", line 1, in 28 TypeError: a bytes-like object is required, not 'str'29 >>> 30 >>> zlib.compress(b'd')31 b'x\x9cK\x01\x00\x00e\x00e'32 33 到了py3中，即使是字符串类型也不行了
weakref：
1 temp = property_class.get(self.uid, server) # 对象2 setattr(temp, 'weak_user', weakref.proxy(self)) # 弱引用外部传入user,避免循环引用3 setattr(self, "_%s" % property_name, temp) # 还有个下划线
requests模块
requests中的方法：
import requests# res = requests.get('http://dig.chouti.com')# 等同于res = requests.request( url='http://dig.chouti.com', method='get')print(res) requests模块基本参数：
url、method、params、data、json、headers、cookies
get方法
import requestsres = requests.request( url='https://www.sogou.com/web', method='get', params={'query':'羊小羚'} #会拼接成https://www.sogou.com/web?query=羊小羚&...)print(res.text)# 'https://www.sogou.com/web?query=羊小羚' #搜狗# 'https://www.baidu.com/s?wd=羊小羚' #百度 post方法
form_data = {'phone':8615313144407,'password':'123456','oneMonth':1}res = requests.post( url = 'http://dig.chouti.com/login', data = form_data)print(res.text) # {"result":{"code":"9999", "message":"", "data":{"complateReg":"0","destJid":"cdu_48196352125"}}} data和json
res = requests.post( url = 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/pachong', # data = {'phone':8615313144406,'password':'chouti123456','oneMonth':1}, # content-type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded，数据传到request.body中然后继续传到request.port中。 # request.POST: # request.body: b'oneMonth=1&password=chouti123456&phone=8615313144406' json = json.dumps("{'phone':8615313144406,'password':'chouti123456','oneMonth':1}'") # content-type: application/json，数据只传到request.body中。 # request.POST: # request.body: b'"\\"{\'phone\':8615313144406,\'password\':\'chouti123456\',\'oneMonth\':1}\'\\""')print(res.text) headers
res = requests.get( url='https://www.zhihu.com/', headers={ 'User-Agent' : 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/57.0.2987.98 Safari/537.36', # 'Referer' : 'https://www.zhihu.com/', # 如果使用浏览器可以正常访问，但是使用爬虫就不行，那可能就遇到反爬虫策略了，需要添加以下两个参数： # User-Agent，代表使用什么设备访问，（伪造浏览器） # Referer，从哪里跳转过来的，一般情况下都是从首页跳转 },)print(res.text) #An internal server error occured. cookies
res = requests.get( url='https://i.cnblogs.com/Configure.aspx', # headers={ # 'User-Agent' : 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/57.0.2987.98 Safari/537.36', # 'Referer' : 'https://www.zhihu.com/', # 如果使用浏览器可以正常访问，但是使用爬虫就不行，那可能就遇到反爬虫策略了，需要添加以下两个参数： # User-Agent，代表使用什么设备访问，（伪造浏览器） # Referer，从哪里跳转过来的，一般情况下都是从首页跳转 # }, # 当需要登录才能访问时，可能需要cookies或session cookies={ '.CNBlogsCookie' : '886F4CA84CC7BC01EF975E3F27EAF9CC3D894702B2EDD7F2A8C373A603E1CECB1013D7B7BA5734628DFE8091863906995C70C0AB1F9A57B4C7F7A47C29286B9D25139D87A5A96B06438933A87E63790AF63AD83A' })print(res.text) requests模块的其他参数：
def request(method, url, **kwargs): """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request`. :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object. :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`. :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`. :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`. :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`. :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload. ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')`` or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers to add for the file. :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth. :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read timeout) ` tuple. :type timeout: float or tuple :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed. :type allow_redirects: bool :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy. :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``. :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded. :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair. :return: :class:`Response ` object :rtype: requests.Response Usage:: >>> import requests >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get') """
实例：
def param_method_url(): # requests.request(method='get', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/') # requests.request(method='post', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/') passdef param_param(): # - 可以是字典 # - 可以是字符串 # - 可以是字节（ascii编码以内） # requests.request(method='get', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # params={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'}) # requests.request(method='get', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # params="k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3") # requests.request(method='get', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8')) # 错误 # requests.request(method='get', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8')) passdef param_data(): # 可以是字典 # 可以是字符串 # 可以是字节 # 可以是文件对象 # requests.request(method='POST', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'}) # requests.request(method='POST', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # data="k1=v1; k2=v2; k3=v3; k3=v4" # ) # requests.request(method='POST', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4", # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'} # ) # requests.request(method='POST', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # data=open('data_file.py', mode='r', encoding='utf-8'), # 文件内容是：k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4 # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'} # ) passdef param_json(): # 将json中对应的数据进行序列化成一个字符串，json.dumps(...) # 然后发送到服务器端的body中，并且Content-Type是 {'Content-Type': 'application/json'} requests.request(method='POST', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})def param_headers(): # 发送请求头到服务器端 requests.request(method='POST', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'}, headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'} )def param_cookies(): # 发送Cookie到服务器端 requests.request(method='POST', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'}, cookies={'cook1': 'value1'}, ) # 也可以使用CookieJar（字典形式就是在此基础上封装） from http.cookiejar import CookieJar from http.cookiejar import Cookie obj = CookieJar() obj.set_cookie(Cookie(version=0, name='c1', value='v1', port=None, domain='', path='/', secure=False, expires=None, discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={'HttpOnly': None}, rfc2109=False, port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False) ) requests.request(method='POST', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'}, cookies=obj)def param_files(): # 发送文件 # file_dict = { # 'f1': open('readme', 'rb') # } # requests.request(method='POST', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # files=file_dict) # 发送文件，定制文件名 # file_dict = { # 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb')) # } # requests.request(method='POST', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # files=file_dict) # 发送文件，定制文件名 # file_dict = { # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf") # } # requests.request(method='POST', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # files=file_dict) # 发送文件，定制文件名 # file_dict = { # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': '0'}) # } # requests.request(method='POST', # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', # files=file_dict) passdef param_auth(): from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf')) print(ret.text) # ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1', # auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin')) # ret.encoding = 'gbk' # print(ret.text) # ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass')) # print(ret) #def param_timeout(): # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=1) # 如果只有一个，表示发送请求的时间。 # print(ret) # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(5, 1)) # 如果有两个，第一个表示发送请求的时间，第二个表示读取返回内容的时间。 # print(ret) passdef param_allow_redirects(): ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', allow_redirects=False) print(ret.text)def param_proxies(): # proxies = { # "http": "61.172.249.96:80", # 使用http协议访问网页时，使用'61.172.249.96:80'代理。 # "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128", # 使用https协议访问网页时，使用'https://61.185.219.126:3128'代理。 # } # proxies = {'http://10.20.1.128': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'} # 访问'http://10.20.1.128'时，使用'http://10.10.1.10:5323'代理。 # ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies) # 代理，让别人来发送请求 # print(ret.headers) # from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth # # proxyDict = { # 'http': '77.75.105.165', # 'https': '77.75.105.165' # } # auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword') #使用代理，需要登录 # # r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth) # print(r.text) passdef param_stream(): ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True) print(ret.content) ret.close() # from contextlib import closing # with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r: # # 在此处理响应。 # for i in r.iter_content(): # print(i)def requests_session(): import requests session = requests.Session() ### 1、首先登陆任何页面，获取cookie i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service") ### 2、用户登陆，携带上一次的cookie，后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权 i2 = session.post( url="http://dig.chouti.com/login", data={ 'phone': "8615131255089", 'password': "xxxxxx", 'oneMonth': "" } ) i3 = session.post( url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623", ) print(i3.text)